What weather element is likely to cause significant turbulence for small aircraft?

The presence of small hail can create significant turbulence for small aircraft. When hail forms, it can occur in association with thunderstorms or severe weather conditions, which are known for generating strong updrafts and downdrafts. These turbulent conditions can affect the stability and control of small aircraft, making it critical for pilots to be aware of areas where hail is present or where thunderstorms may develop.

In contrast, haze, fog, and dust/sand whirls can certainly impact visibility and flight safety in different ways. Haze can reduce visibility, which complicates navigation and situational awareness but does not inherently create turbulence. Fog presents similar visibility challenges but typically does not involve the turbulent airflow associated with hail. Dust and sand whirls can create localized turbulence, particularly during takeoff and landing phases, but the significant turbulence often associated with hail—in conjunction with storm systems—poses a more severe risk for small aircraft operations.