What typically causes bumpy, turbulent air during lower altitude flights?

Bumpy, turbulent air during lower altitude flights is typically caused by convective currents. These currents occur when the sun heats the Earth's surface, creating warm air that rises. As this warm air moves upward, it can lead to instability in the atmosphere, resulting in turbulence. This phenomenon is especially common during warm days, when uneven heating occurs over various surfaces, such as land, and can create powerful updrafts and downdrafts that affect the flight of an aircraft.

The presence of convective currents is particularly relevant during takeoff and landing phases when aircraft are operating at lower altitudes. Pilots need to be aware of these conditions as they can significantly influence the aircraft's performance and handling characteristics. Understanding these aspects of turbulence helps pilots to anticipate and manage the effects during flights, enhancing safety and comfort for passengers.